What is it?
-a syndrome of skeletal muscle injury releasing toxic intracellular material into the blood circulation causing signs and symptoms.
Triads:
-myalgia
-dark urine
-muscle weakness
-children-myalgia nad generalised weakness
Complications- DIC and renal failure
Diagnosis by:
-Lab test:
-increased plasma CK 4-5 fold elevated.
-myoglobin in the urine.
Managment:
-correction of fluid and electrolytes.
-treat the underlying causes.
Pathophysiology:
-an increase in intracellular free ionized calcium
due to either cellular energy depletion, or direct plasma membrane rupture---->activates several proteases, intensifies skeletal muscle cell contractility, induces mitochondrial dysfunction, and increases the production of reactive oxygen species---->ultimately resulting in skeletal muscle cell death
Causes:
-Direct trauma or crush injury- the commonest
- Infection
viral-dengue, cysticercossis, cocksackie, H.influenza
parasitic
streptococcal myositis
-Electrolyte imbalances
hypophosphataemi
" kalemia
" natremia
hypernatremia
-Malignant hyperthermia
-Antipsychotics--->neuroleptic malignant syndrome(hyperthermia, rigidity and autonomic dysregulation)
-Drugs
-Recreational:
-ethanol, cocaine, etc
-Treatment drugs:
-statins,
-antihistamine(in children),
-salicylates,
-caffeine,
-fibric acids like gemfibrozil, phenofibrates
-quinones
-cortocosteroids
- anaesthetics-profolo
-Enviromental toxins
- CO
-snake venom
-spider venom
-Exertional activities
-strenous excercise(in humid and heat---->muscle damage.
-compartment syndrome
Prognosis:
-mortality rate-5%
Complications
-hypoalbuminaemia
-hyperuricaemia
-compartment syndrome
-acute renal failure in (adult-17-35%), (children-5-42%)
-DIC in severe case, 12-72 hours of muscle damage.
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