Psoriasis

Definition
                -is a chronic non-infectious inflammatory dematosis characterized by well demarcated erythematous plaques topped by silvery scales.

Epidemiology
-1.5-3% of population in Europe and North America
-Sex incidence is equal
-Peak age: 20s, 30s and 60s.
-may start at any age but unusual in children <8 years.

Aetiopathogenesis
-Genetics:
               -35% of patients show family history.
               -if one parent affected, probability-25%
               -if both parents affected, probability increases up to

Osteoporosis

Definition
                     It's a disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and an increase in fracture risk.

Pathogenesis
                      -increased bone breakdown by osteoclasts
                      -decreased bone formation by osteoblasts.
Therefore, loss of bone mass.
The bone mass decreases with age but depends on the Peak mass attained

Nephritic Syndrome by S.Wangdi

-mainly glomerulus affected.

-podocytes defective

                     

-Clinical  features:

                 1.haematuria-rbc casts

                 2.hypertension

                 3.proteinuria<3.5g/24hr

                 4.Oliguria <400ml/day

                 5.uraemia

                 6.azotaemia

Diagnosis

             .-Anti-streptolysin O titre/ASO titre(for post streptoccal infection only)

              -renal biopsy 

                                -focal--IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome(hereditary nephritits, henoch scholein purpura, SLE,

                                -diffused

                                             -membranoproliferative, rapidly

Rhabdomyolysis by T.Uden.

What is it?
          -a syndrome of skeletal muscle injury releasing toxic intracellular material into the blood circulation causing signs and symptoms.

Triads:
        -myalgia
        -dark urine
         -muscle weakness

-children-myalgia nad generalised weakness

Complications- DIC and renal failure

Diagnosis by:
                    -Lab test:
                               -increased plasma CK 4-5 fold elevated.
                               -myoglobin in the urine.

Managment:
     -correction of fluid and electrolytes.
     -treat the underlying causes.

Pathophysiology:
                          -an increase in intracellular free ionized calcium